Fundamentals of Building Construction The Concrete

What is concrete? Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass. Concrete is one of the most†¦show more content†¦Pre-stressed concrete is a solid structure whereby stretched reinforcement bars surrounded by concrete. The purpose is to increase the capability of the beam to carry a much greater load with the same amount of concrete and reinforced bars. Ready-mix concrete is a concrete that is manufactured in a factory. The quality of ready-mix concrete is ensured because the concrete has been graded. Precast concrete is a concrete structure that is manufactured in a factory. The precast concrete will be transported to a construction site. Precast concrete saves man power, therefore less workers are needed in the construction site. It also saves time and cost, thus the construction can be constructed in time. Precast concrete has also a better quality comparing to site cast concrete structure. Terrazzo is a flooring material made by grinding and polishing a concrete. The concrete consists of chips of marble or granite in different size and color. Terrazzo often used as decorative flooring patterns because it has various color and texture. Urbanite is used to refer to pieces of concrete from demolition sites. It can be used to create a walkway by recycling the concrete pieces. Reinforced Concrete Basically, reinforced concrete is a type of concrete in which metal bars or wire is embedded to increase itsShow MoreRelatedArchitecture And Modern Architecture749 Words   |  3 Pageshave homes and can survive. It is interesting to consider that architecture began in the Crude Ages. Within architecture, buildings must have to main types of structures. Modern architecture is a type of architecture that focuses more of aesthetics than on function. In order to understand this topic, it is first necessary to know about architecture’s history, the fundamentals of architecture, and the modern aspect of architecture. 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If I Caught Your Attention - 1386 Words

If I caught your attention, then the title of this article has fulfilled its intended purpose. The truth is, the worst thing that could happen to you for submitting a less-than-desirable resume is not being slapped, but rather not landing a job. Most career hopefuls, however, would fear the former over the latter, thus, making the exaggerated scenario even more of an anecdote. In other words, the applicant would sacrifice a long-term reward for a short-term discomfort. For this reason, the majority of resumes are cast into the fiery furnace never to be seen again. I get it. It s not that you don t care. In your haste to land the dream job, however, you neglect to carefully craft the very document that would bestow upon you the†¦show more content†¦Yes, the problem is worse than it seems. Your Keywords are Boring. In the world of resume writing, keywords have become buzzwords, and buzzwords have become overkill, thus losing their value and draining your resume of any real depth. This ego-crushing assertion is particularly the case if what you ve written is not reflected in the quality of your penmanship. For instance, I ve seen job applicants list attention to detail as a professional characteristic only to shoot themselves in the foot by misspelling their name, getting their alma mater wrong, or failing to do something as simple as lining up bullet points. I ve witnessed horrific examples of aspirants who claimed to be hard workers, but apparently put zero effort into their resume. Then there are the appellants who try to convince me how self-motivated they are by whipping up what is obviously a five-minute failed concoction of experience, skill, and so-called education. These are the perpetrators who, without realizing it, stamp themselves as cheats and liars. If you think that my labeling t hese fiendish petitioners is harsh, then try reading their resumes. That s the real torture. 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Dante’s Allegory of Love in the Divine Comedy Free Essays

The Meaning of Love through the works of Dante Lighter Devon Strand-Brown â€Å"O all ye whose intellects are sound, Look now and see the meaning that is hidden Beneath the veil that covers my strange verses:† (Inferno 9:61) Dante Lighter is indisputably the most famous Italian poet in history. His seminal work, The Divine Comedy still inspires 700 years after its writing, and has not yet yielded all of its secrets, though it is one of the most widely studied works ever to be written. The name â€Å"Dante† and that of The Divine Comedy are known the world over, but what of the man Dante? What of the allegory beneath his verses? The history of the Divine Poet, his life, his love and the mysteries of his great achievements are known to relatively few, compared to the number of people who have read the Comedy. We will write a custom essay sample on Dante’s Allegory of Love in the Divine Comedy or any similar topic only for you Order Now My purpose here to open those doors to you, to give a taste of the lessons and mysteries of Dent’s work, to give a glimpse of a man, famous in his time and forevermore, and to recount the greatest tale of Love ever told. His definition of love may be the most potent and intricate definition ever described, told through four separate levels of allegory, culminating in the rise of the universal goal of Love itself. The Man â€Å"In that book which is my memory, On the first page of the chapter that is the day when I first met you, Appear the words, ‘Here begins a new life’. † (Volta) Dante was born in 1265, though the month is not known. His given name was Du- ranted Delhi Lighter, Dante being a shortened version which he himself, and subsequent -?2-? writers and translators would adopt. His family name Lighter comes form the Latin word ‘aligner’, which can be translated to â€Å"winged. † Though it came from his father, it was originally passed from a mother, Algeria Loudhailer -? wife of Guidance Elise’, founder of Florence -? to her son. Thus Dante can trace his lineage directly back to he founders of his beloved Florence. The root meaning of Durance (and Dante) is more obvious, enduring, as names were of the most importance in those days. Dante would be happy to know that he has far surpassed the destiny of an enduring name. His father was a man of finance, buying and selling property as well as lending money, something Dante later disapproved of and which found its way into his Inferno. His mother was also from a well respected Florentine family, the Bait. Her father Durance (whom Dante was named after) was a Judge at the time. Much of the Poet’s history we can find in the Comedy because although it is the story of his enlightenment, it also tells the tale of his past. We see this with his mother, whom we find in the circle of violence in Inferno, for she committed suicide while Dante was still very young, somewhere between 1270 and 1275. After his mother’s death, his father soon remarried and had two more children. It seems Dante had a good relationship with these siblings as he refers affectionately to a sister who visits him while he is sick in â€Å"La Vita Nova. These references require that I move ahead, to describe the works of Dante for it is especially through them that we learn so much of the man. I shall discuss The Divine Comedy at greater length in a future section. But as an overview it is the tale of Dent’s Journey through Inferno, rising up through Purgatory, then finally moving through Paradise, guided -?3-? by his beloved Beatrice, with his pilgrimage ending with the vision of God. The other work that I shall mention often is â€Å"la Vita Nova†, The New Life, which is a compilation of poems, sonnets and stories from throughout his life. It particularly focuses on his love for Beatrice which pervaded his life from the age of nine until he died at fifty-six. At this time Florence was a burgeoning hub of trade and culture, becoming one f the richest and most powerful cities in Italy, and even in Eastern Europe. However the city was divided along many lines; there was a split between the populace and the gentry, yet also among the gentry. The largest of these rifts was that between the Gullah, whom Dante supported, and the Gibberellins. Once the Gibberellins were expelled from Florence another divide occurred; Between the Black Gullets, those who supported the Papacy, and the white Gullets, who wished for more autonomy from Rome. With the support of Pope Boniface the Black Gullets took control of Florence, destroying many White Gullah homes and exiling Dante. If he were ever to return to his beloved Florence to â€Å"worship at his baptismal fount† he would suffer death by burning. Following his exile, Dante wandered from city to city. Reigniting his intellectual spirit in Bologna and moving as far field as Paris. Finally he settled in Raven, a small city not far from Florence. It is during this time that it is believed that be began his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy. It was completed Just prior to his death, sometime between 1318 and 1321. The final Canto of Paradise was said to be lost for months following Dent’s death, until in a dream, one of Dent’s sons saw his father ho showed his where the final pages were hidden. His son, Pitter, searched for the pages and found them Just where -?4-? his father had indicated, and so, Just as a dream had begun the Comedy, a dream completed it. The Divine Comedy tells the tale of the Poet, Dante, and his Journey down into Inferno, up mount Purgatory and into Paradise where â€Å"the Love that moved the sun and the other stars† is finally revealed to him. It is divided into three canticles, Inferno, Purgatorial and Paradise. Each canticle is then further divided into 33 cantos, similar to chapters, except for Inferno which has a single introductory canto bringing he total to 100. Each canto is further split into three line sections, each line with a precise 11 syllables. This story fictively occurs in the year 1300 and Dante is faithful to this date, only including people who had died before 1300 in any level of the Comedy , though often referencing those who are still living. Inferno, the first volume, is by far the most famous and widely read of the three. It begins: â€Å"Midway upon the Journey of our life. † Simply this first line gives premise to the Comedy being both a literal Journey through the levels of the earth but also a curative voyage through the life of a person, in this case Dante, though it can be expanded to include a more universal version of life. Through inferno Dante is guided by another great poet, Virgil, who, because he is a virtuous infidel has been confined to neutrality, the first level of hell. But who has been tasked by Beatrice to guide Dante down through Hell and up Mount Purgatory. Their Journey through Hell takes them down through all nine levels, on each level pausing to watch the punishment of the shades and sometimes speak to them, talking of their crimes or of the goings on of the living world. Finally in the lowest -?5-? bevel -?Judea, reserved for the traitors-? gravity reverses and they climb back out of the pit of inferno to once more observe the stars. At the base of Mount Purgatory seven As are inscribed on Dent’s forehead. Each standing for Peculate or sin in Latin. As they pass through each of the seven levels of purgatory, each P is purged from his forehead. For Purgatory is not a place of perpetuity as many believe; it is a place of purging sins as its name suggests. Virgil continues as his guide and offers advice and answers to his questions along the way. However on questions of faith he defers to Beatrice, asking Dante to await her for his answer. At the peak of Purgatory is the Garden of Eden, earthly paradise. Here in paradise Dante is in awe of the heavens above him, while Virgil is reserved and distant. Dante turns away from his guide to gaze at four bright stars above him and when he looks back Virgil is gone. In his place stands Beatrice. From the Gardens of Eden Beatrice leads Dante into Paradise, the nine circles of heaven. In each of these circles Dante speaks with different figures, Roman Emperors, Saints and Apostles prominent among them. And Just as Virgil taught Dante of life and the plight of souls in Inferno and Purgatory, so Beatrice teaches him of divinity, irate and all the levels of beatitude. One of the people he meets is his great great grand-father Guidance, who tasks him to compose a poem which â€Å"puts aside all falsehood. † He agrees, and is also tested by the apostles Peter, James and John before his can enter the Empyrean, the highest level of Heaven. It is here in the amphitheater of the Empyrean that Dent’s Journey reaches is culmination with his rapturous vision of God. -?6_ â€Å"But my own wings were not enough for this, Had it not been that then my mind there smote A flash of lightning, wherein came its wish. (Paradise 33:139) Dante and Love But now was turning my desire and will, Even as a wheel that equally moved, The Love that moves the sun and the other stars. † (Paradise 33:142) Perhaps it is a sad testament to the human race, that the greatest love stories are those of unrequited love. Mark Antonym and Cleopatra, Romeo and Juliet, Dante and his Beatrice. Dante first glimpsed Beatrice at the age of nine. Of that sight he says, â₠¬Å"At that moment, I say most truly that the spirit of life, hath its dwelling in the secretes chamber of the heart† (Nova). He goes on, describing her as a deity, as something other than a worldly woman. From that moment onward his life was drastically changed. â€Å"l say that, from that time forward, Love quite governed my soul† (Nova). His love was torrential, yet when he saw her he kept it in check. For nine years after that first sight they never spoke. He would watch her in her family’s small church of Santa Margarita, sitting some ten feet behind her, imagining her as an image of perfection, but never speaking. It is difficult to imagine such love with so little contact. He was enamored with her but also with his imagination of her. It was not until nine years later to the day,that a word was exchanged between hem. While passing in the street, Beatrice â€Å"by her unspeakable courtesy’ greeted him. He -?7-? remembers she was dressed all in white, unlike the red he first saw her in, white being the color of virginity and divinity. In each of his earthly visions of her, she is described using images and words normally reserved for Christ or God himself. Dante was taken by the sound of her voice: â€Å"For she doth make my veins and pulses tremble. He went directly home and fell asleep and dreamed that Love came to him. Throughout the Vita Nova, Love comes to Dante, taking a different human form each mime, and speaks to him, offering advice and admonitions. Love appears to him multiple times and each time represents a shift in Dent’s interactions with Beatrice. Dante makes the mistakes of many lovers as he is so overcome by Beatrice. In an attempt to hide the true object of his love, he begins to use what he calls a â€Å"screen- lady,† a woman toward whom he outwardly directs his attentions so as to divert attention from Beatrice. This obviously backfires and Beatrice, as they pass again in the street, withholds her greeting. Dante is grief-stricken and, following another vision of love decides to write directly to her. These poems and sonnets received praise in Florence, and were read around the city in small poetry readings, increasing Dent’s stature as a great writer even in his time. However life for Dante soon takes another enormous turn, with the death of Be- iatric. She is said to have died in June, 1290, a date with â€Å"the perfect number nine† having been completed â€Å"nine times† according to the Syrian Calendar. (Lewis). Dante is so overcome that he cannot put words to the event. After compiling the Volta Nova he resolves not to write of Beatrice again, until he can â€Å"say of her what was never said of any other -?8-? Oman. † It is from this wish that springs the greatest tribute to human love ever created, La Comedic. In Dent’s Journey Beatrice is his primary guide. Though Virgil guides him through two levels of the afterlife, it is Beatrice who sent Virgil to assist Dante and Beatrice whom he follows through paradise and Beatrice who teaches him the most of love. She acts as a personal representation of Christ. We can see this in many aspects of Dent’s description of her -? her appearance, the events around her and her relation to the number nine. The number nine can be seen as a reference to the divinity of he holy trinity, and it is used in reference to Beatrice to reinforce her power as Dent’s connection to the divine. In the ninth canto of both Inferno and Purgatory Dante enters the city of Dish and then the Gates of Purgatory -? the two most significant entrances in their respective canticles. Yet in Paradise, in the ninth canto, Dante passes from the circles of Venus unto the level of the sun. This may seem insignificant yet it signifies the passage from earth to heaven. It is not until the level of the sun that all earthly woes and pains are stripped away. This ninth canto is significant as it also demonstrates the divinity of the number, yet interestingly it also illustrates the divinity of love as it is in this canto that Dante meets three great lovers; a mistress, a bishop and a harlot. Not exactly the lovers you would expect, but these references, as well as their relations to nine and their positions in paradise, serve to highlight the significance of human love in order to ascend further into heaven. This is Beatrice role, as she serves both as the object of human love and the transcendent divine guide. Other parallels between Beatrice and Christ can also be drawn-? one being her -?9-? appearance in heaven, she is proceeded by Giovanni Primeval, as Christ was similarly proceeded by John the Baptist. Here we can see Dent’s literary playfulness with â€Å"Giovanni† as a feminine version of John and Primeval as an anagram meaning â€Å"Prima Vera† which literally translates to â€Å"will come first. † Beatrice also descends to Inferno to summon Virgil as Christ did to bring salvation to humanity, Virgil will be Dent’s personal salvation. Dante even recognizes this in Paradise 30:80 saying â€Å"Who deigned for my salvation to leave your footprints in Hell. † Lansing also points out a parallel between the names of Christ and Beatrice: The reference to her nickname, â€Å"Vice,† in Paradise is a way which must evoke the abbreviations of Christ in manuscripts: â€Å"Be† (beat, â€Å"blessed†) and â€Å"ice† (ICC=less Crisis=Jesus Christ. )† Despite her obvious divinity, Beatrice is also a physical woman, as we see in the Volta Nova, who inspires love and desire in Dante. Thus she fills both roles, as the method of divine salvation and also as the guide to human love. Both of which together create natural love, something I will go into greater detail about at a later point. Dante strives, however, to remove any sexual attraction to Beatrice both for the deader and for himself. And for the most part he is successful. By removing her erotic nature in his writing, he reclaims some power from her. As we see in the Vita Nova, she holds great power over him; she has the power to send him into fits of worry or anguish, simply with a laugh or refused look. In De-redirecting her, we see Dent’s attempt to retain his own power over human love, while relinquishing his power over natural love, allow-? 10 -? inning her to guide and teach him of its natural flow. As both the Comedy and the Nova are little more than an homage to Beatrice, it is interesting to see that Dante toeholds this one form of power from her, that of sexual power. It could very well be that he is attempting to protect either himself or Beatrice from the sin of lust, yet we also find a seductress and a harlot in heaven, who further inform Dante on love. It may also be the case that Dante is protecting himself from the worldly effects of Beatrice. The vast majority of his writings about her are of his perception, his fantasy of her. Their physical contact was negligible and by removing the sexual discourse between them, the Beatrice of Dent’s pages is fully from inside the Poet. The Beatrice we know is Dent’s fantasy, a character within his own character. It is her spirit, not her body, that guides Dante. Dante may also shrug off this worldly influence because he has a further lord, one to whom he answers whole-heartedly, and for whom Beatrice is the perfect guide. That lord speaks to him in the third chapter of the Vita Nova saying â€Å"I am your lord. † That lord is Love. Allegory The term allegory literally means the â€Å"hidden meaning†, it derives from Greek â€Å"al- SIS† (other) and â€Å"Georgia† (speaking), â€Å"other speaking. † The Divine Comedy is rife with it. Each canto is filled with political moral and divine statements. Allegory takes four forms in The Divine Comedy modeled after biblical exegesis (interpretation of biblical style); Literal (historical), Allegorical (Typographical) , Moral and Angelical. These four forms follow the interpretation of scripture in the Middle Ages. In scripture, the historical meaning is -? 11 what is described as fact. It encompasses the people, places and events represented and shows them historically as things that have occurred. The second meaning (the Allegorical/ Typographical) is that of personification and representation, a person may represent a sin or a virtue. The moral meaning in the scripture is literally represented by Christ. â€Å"So far as the things done in Christ, or so far as the things which signify Christ, are types of what we ought to do, there is the moral sense. † (Aquinas). The final meaning, the angelical is the hardest to pin down. This is because it is the broadest of the terms; it is the meaning which expands outwards and offers what the writer or reader considers an â€Å"eternal† meaning. The angelical represents the realm of the Gods, thus making it eternal, â€Å"But so far as they signify what relates to eternal glory, there is the angelical sense. † (Aquinas) Neither the bible nor The Divine Comedy possess all four of these elements at all times however. Writing is often adorned with â€Å"historical buttresses and adornments†, events that hold no further meaning than the literal. Different verses and cantos hold some of these meanings, some are personified in particular figures, others can only be found by evaluating the entire trajectory of the Comedy. These four meanings overlap, come and go, are sometimes clearly visible and some are lost forever in the annals of time. Other than the historical, the allegorical (typological) is the most prevalent form of meaning throughout the Comedy. Because all allegory is dependent on interpretation, the meanings put forth here are those that I deem to be correct, although there are likely other interpretations or even contrary views. As Dante followed many of the teachings of Thomas Aquinas, the following is the most prevalent definition for the typographical (allegorical) meaning in -? 12 -? the Comedy: â€Å"Whereas in every other science things are signified by words, this science has the property that the things signified by the words have themselves also signification† (Aquinas). This is the definition Dante would have followed in instructing his own allegory. Dante borrows heavily from Thomas Aquinas and Aquinas’ Theological for his moor- al theory and view of God, theology and use of allegory. As far as the view of God, Thomas Aquinas believed that there are two apices of any object or subject (their existence and their essence), except for God. Aquinas preaches God as simplicity. God is simply essence, for his/her/its existence is its essence. This essence to Dante is Love; all other objects are not independent of love and thus God, who is the representation of pure love, is the only individual being in existence. â€Å"God is identical tit Just one in- divisible thing, but that one thing has different effects and appearances† (Stump). Dante also enumerates the importance of each level of meaning, saying in his work Conviction, â€Å"l shall always first discourse upon the literal meaning of each cannoned, and after that I shall discourse upon its allegory, that is, the hidden truth; and I shall sometimes incidentally touch upon the other senses (angelical), as the place and the time make appropriate. † This leads us to believe that the historical (literal) meaning is the most important, followed by the allegorical. The angelical seems to e a natural uprising of this discourse of both the literal and the allegorical. The moral finds its way into the literal meanings as well, since Christ is synonymous with morality, and the bible and Beatrice are taken as fact. Throughout the Comedy, Beatrice and her compatriots teach Dante many -? 13 -? things, most of these may be interpreted as the moral allegory. What must also be understood is that the literal meaning will always be present, and for the most part the allegorical will be also. But that Allegory will take one or more of its three forms, typographical/allegorical, moral or angelical. He gives an example of this four-fold allegory in a letter sent to Gangrened of Verona. The Allegory of Love â€Å"Love, which pardons no beloved from loving, took me so strongly with delight in him That, as you see, it still abandons me not†¦ † (Nova) As we begin to look at the many meanings of love in The Divine Comedy, the three literal forms we shall examine are 1) love as an emotion, 2) love as Beatrice, and 3) Love as a figure and as God. First let us examine Dent’s belief of love. For Dante, love was the driving force of the universe. It causes souls to rise to heaven or fall into hell. It literally set the stars in motion. All sinners and all saints had their actions based in love, for better or for worse. Love causes all movement in the universe, whether for the sinners to ascend because of love for God or for the blessed to descend in order to save a soul. Just as Beatrice descends to bring Dante to the Empyrean, it also causes the angels to move in their circles around God, thus creating the movement of the heavens. However, love also has a darker side. According to Dante, love is also the root of sin. He takes this view from William Perusals’ analysis of the Sustaining Sins; Pride, Envy, Wrath, Sloth, Avarice, Gluttony and Lust. These sins can be divided into three cat- Georges according to love; insufficient, disordered and excessive. Insufficient love takes the form of sloth, disordered love manifests in pride, new and wrath (as these three are misguidedly directed at an external object), and love in excess creates avarice, gluttony and lust. These are all forms of what Virgil distinguishes for Dante as rational love, separate from natural love which I shall discuss at greater length later. Rational love takes many forms, both positive and negative. If unbalanced or per- averted, it is the basis of all sin, but it is also that which leads Dante towards natural eve. Dent’s earthly love for Beatrice could be described as courtly love, a popular subject of the times. Courtly love can be defined as desire and longing for someone, and personal suffering by loving this person† (Du France). This definition as we can see applies perfectly to Dent’s relations to Beatrice. It is this earthly relationship that begins Dante on his path to salvation and enlightenment, thus it is this form of rational love that sets Dante on his path. At the beginning of The Divine Comedy, the Pilgrim believes this love for Beatrice is pure and correct. Yet through his discussions tit Francesca De Riming, and then Virgin’s discourse on love in purgatory, Dante begins to doubt his assertion. Finally upon his meeting with Beatrice in Paradise he repents for the earthly love he paid her and accepts the purity of natural love, the love that will guide him through paradise unto the Empyrean. Natural love was considered by Dante to be the love of and for God. It is the pure force which motivates the universe and binds it together. It is the purest form of this love that Dante is striving for throughout the Comedy. Through hell and purgatory, he is strip-? 15-? inning away the sins and tarnishing of sin, and in paradise he is being prepared, level by level, by Beatrice, for the experience of Pure Love. Virgil, who has not entered heaven and has thus not experienced natural love, can only describe to Dante human love and the perverted shapes it takes in sin. The constant motion of natural love is moving toward a goal; that goal is the attainment of the realization of place and of perfection for every object and creature in the world. â€Å"As the specific capacity of anything is actualities by being exercised, the nature of that thing is progressively completed or perfected, according to Aquinas† (Stump). It is by loving and being love that this process is perpetuated and thus moves closer and closer to a perfect equilibrium. This ultimate beatitude is inconceivable to the human mind, however, and thus we give it a humanly understandable form, that of God. Yet Dante is very careful not to name God as the center of the Empyrean; the highest level of heaven is occupied by Love. Virgil describes how love takes three stages to develop. The process begins with awareness of another object or person. This perception is offered to the soul to Judge whether this object is beautiful and shall bring happiness. If it is deemed good, then eve develops and takes the form of an inclination or attraction toward that object. Until love develops, the force driving this process is human will and it is thus that love can be misguided, as the will can make mistakes and lead an individual toward sin. If we take love as the attractive force that moves the universe, then the ultimate goal of life is also love, but love in equilibrium. This is why perverted, insufficient and excessive love are sins, for it is balanced love, natural love that we are striving toward. We cannot, however, achieve union with natural love simply by following others’ How to cite Dante’s Allegory of Love in the Divine Comedy, Papers

Transpotation and Ditribution Management Influence of Globalization

Question: Describe about the Transpotation and Ditribution Management for Influence of Globalization. Answer: Introduction: With the increasing influence of globalization and increase in competition in the market, the transport management system has experienced an increasing significance in the organizational activities. Products are transported among diverse locations in different stages in a supply chain system in an organization. As a result, there is an increasing need for prompt and effective transportation system in business organizations. As a transport manager of Mc Donalds Inc. the leading fast food and quick service restaurant business organization globally, the following report is conducted with the aim to analyse the effectiveness the three crucial aspects of transportation management, namely, Incoterms Consideration Selections, Carrier Selection Criteria, and Carrier Relationship management. McDonalds is the worlds leading fast food restaurant with annual turnover of $28.11 billion in 2013 (Mcdonalds.com, 2016). It is also the second largest employer with an approximate strength of workforce of 420,000. It is present in 118 countries with total number of 36,525 stores (Mcdonalds.com, 2016). Popular McDonalds products that are sold everyday globally are BigMac, McNuggets, Fried Potatoes, Egg McMuffins, and Cheeseburger, Ham Burger, etc. McDonalds has strategically changed its products according to local customs and tastes like in Singapore, McDonalds has introduced Delight 500 Lunch/ Dinner which is unique in Sin gapore only. Although it is not the first in the business model but it is the leading one and that what make MC Donalds unique. McDonalds is dedicated towards its customers in providing fresh and hygienic fast food and this only possible through trust and consistency in its transportation and logistics services. Thus, Transportation System is an incorporating role which organizes and optimizes all logistic services, together with promotion, sales, manufacturing, and funding and information technology (Litman, 2011). As the market leader, McDonalds has global competitors like, Star Bucks, KFC, Dominos, Subway, etc as well as on local levels also. Incoterms Consideration Selection: With the influence of globalization, business organizations are becoming multinational so there was an urgent need for global trade terms for domestic as well as international trade agreements in accordance to international trade law (Hein, et al. 2009). Incoterms Consideration Selection can be explained as a set of rules and regulations which are preset by International Chamber of Commerce which is associated with international commercial law. International commercial law is a set of authorized policy, principles, agreements, domestic legislation and business behaviour that manage and evaluate the international business operations (Bowersox, et al. 2002). It is basically a safe transaction agreement between globally diverse clients. There are widely thirteen commercial rules that are globally accepted in transfer of price and responsibility among the buyer and seller. They are: Cost and Freight, Delivered at Terminal, Delivered Duty Paid, Ex works, Free Alongside Ship, Free On Board , Cost Insurance and Freight, Delivery at Place, Free Carrier, Carriage Paid and insurance paid to, and Carriage Paid to (Incoterms Guide - Freight Filter, 2016). This was an initiative to make an equilibrium among the different local trade and commerce rules and regulations which could be difficult for a multinational organization to understand in 1939 and last revised in 2010 (Mun, 2002). Incoterms Selection at McDonalds: McDonalds is a multinational fast food business organization with existence in 118 countries globally. As fast food restaurants the main concern is food and service quality that is provided to the customers. Now, different country has different trade and commence rules and regulations that McDonalds need to follow. For instance, in Singapore, McDonalds is compulsory to obey with many Singapores rules and trade laws, covering Food Hygiene Standards, Legislative and regulatory Environment acts and appropriate licenses in Singapore. And management takes suitable steps to make sure that it covers with all applicable legislative rules and regulations. To meet the food safety and hygiene McDonalds receive its food resources from local suppliers on daily basis. McDonalds supply its raw materials through its own effective transportation system. The transportation supply chain management system of McDonalds is globally spread and the management has adapted a push and pull based supply chain a nd point of sale information transfer supervises the supply chain system. It mainly goes through three levels before finally serving the customer. Firstly, the indirectly suppliers, who primarily produces and processes the raw food materials like wheat or raise cattle. The indirectly supply the raw food materials to the direct suppliers or the distribution centres who then organizes and harmonizes the distribution systems in the restaurants. It is in the distribution centres, final food products like meat patties, buns, etc are produces before delivering it to the restaurants. Then according to the demand food materials are supplied to the restaurant on daily basis where trained staff arranges foods according to customer demand and needs. McDonalds follow an inbound logistics for the movement of raw materials and suppliers into storage facilities. The transportation system of McDonalds is entirely outsourced and about 80% of the movement of raw materials are done in refrigerated tru cks. Keeping in mind, the kind of business that McDonalds conduct and its resource transportation through road ways, the management should adopt the EXW, DAT and DDP Incoterms for managing its carrier relationship management. Carrier Selection Criteria: For cost cutting activity and for bringing effectiveness in the supply chain system, most of the logistics and transportation operations are outsources (Stock, Lambert, 2001). The management and resource allocation of raw materials is an essential part of transportation system. To have an effective supply chain solution it is important for business organization to choose an effective carrier system. To influence prospect in rising markets, the management of McDonalds are focusing on combining and lining up the transportation management communications, methods and actions to decrease expenditure and develop effectiveness. The transportation management system is an integral part and it wires the on the whole business strategy (Tambo, 2012). The business goal of McDonalds is to meet up consumers requirements at the same time as maintaining minimum pricing strategy and McDonalds facility on lean strategy, i.e. they does not cook until the customer place a order and once a order is place d they assemble the whole process and they serve the customer freshly cooked food within a limited period of time. As stated earlier McDonalds does not have own transportation system and have fully outsourced the transportation system to the third party. This strategy was adopted so that they can take advantage of the efficiency and experienced specialist taking care of the logistics on the other hand McDonalds can concentrate more on other core business operations like customer service, food quality control, hygiene etc. The management of McDonalds mainly goes for a contract or partnership with other logistics business organizations that are responsible for effective functioning of transportation system like buying of material, material management and many of the other functions of logistics. This process is known as contract logistics. McDonalds has collaborated with Keystone Distribution UK which is responsible for manufacturing, processing and distribution of food resources in McDonalds restaurants mostly in Asia, Europe and America. The first partnership was formed in 1977 for baking hamburger bun and ever since the collaboration is growing strong. In 2011, Keystone Distribution was awarded the Performance Supplier of the year. They have been supplying every food resources that are required to run a successful McDonalds restaurant. They supply from ketchups, fresh foods, frozen foods, meats, etc to McDonalds restaurants. Other than these McDonalds has to compact with diverse suppliers for their d ifferent products as the business objective of McDonalds is to provide fresh and hygienic fast food products according to customer needs in affordable price. Soft drink producers and brands like Coca-Cola, Tropicana, etc collaborate with McDonalds who form the second tier suppliers, as they supply key materials to Keystone distribution, which is the first tire suppler of McDonalds and is responsible for McDonalds food resources supplies. For meat food resources, McDonalds has collaborated with Sun Valley, Ecsa and Moy Park who also acts as second tier suppliers. Thus we can say that Keystone Distribution is a key player in transportation and logistics activities and McDonalds is fully dependent on them. This has resulted in McDonalds complete dependency on its supply partners but on the flip side, McDonalds does not have to invest heavily on transportation and logistics management. The Keystone uses transport systems that are dedicated task force of refrigerated trucks to McDonalds distribution points. Multi temperate and single temperate logistics trucks then transport the food materials quickly to McDonalds restaurants as per the demand . A distribution point generally covers a large area, so it is responsible for multiple Mc restaurants at a same time. Carrier Relationship management: The logistic necessity has enhanced to serve consumers with more quick and swift efficient customer service facilities (Belenky, 2013). A good carrier relationship management generates value by means of time and location, so good transportation and logistics management can be understood as the actions that add value in the process of supply chain (Paul, 2011). This can help an organization to increase revenue profit and potential profit control as it significantly saves time and money and facilitates in sales volume. Thus smooth the progress of organizational effectiveness. Carrier relationship management can face some challenges and they are- Transport capacity shortage and unskilled labour force in the transport and logistics systems can delay delivery system at right time and right place (Schnsleben, 2016). McDonalds Carrier Relationship management is based on several factors which are directly related to the organizations objective. The factors that affect the carrier relationship management in McDonalds are Area Transit time, Reliability of on-time pickup and delivery, Techniquel capability or skills to share information, Equipment availability and capacity, product protection or carriers freight damage experience, financial stability of the Carriers and Freight rates. Business organizations like McDonalds programs globally, so they have to maintain a reliable transportation and logistics system globally which can be some cumbersome task to maintain. Also, the rising concerns in terrorism activities can also become hindrance for an effective carrier transportation system. To fight with the above challenges it is important for business organizations to give significant importance towards Carrier relationship management (Christopher, 2016). It is a process of adjusting business performa nce by improving carrier partners. As a transport manager I understand how our carrier partners web the different organizational operations to serve our customers. Without customers, organizations will fail to provide proper importance to the carrier partner. As the business objective of McDonalds is to provide fresh and hygienic food products at affordable price, this can only be achieved only when all the organizational activities perform in harmony and transportation being an integral part of the system for delivering fresh food products on daily basis cannot be ignored. As, the McDonalds have fixed suppliers so there is a little chance for the management to bargain the Freight rates, with its suppliers. Recommendations: As a transport manager of McDonalds the following are the recommendations that I would like to state to bring effectiveness in Carrier Relationship management system in McDonalds and I believe that implementing the following measures in the Carrier Relationship management will improve the supply chain management system of the organization. They are as follows: Settle contracts value with our carrier partners, as well as enthusiastic lane rates for them. Discussing and developing more cost cutting measures to implement in the logistic system with our carrier partners (Ballou, 2007). Continuing long-term, sustainable associations along with the carrier partners to healthier bring into line McDonalds business objective, customer needs and Keystones objective to facilitate maintain to provide the most excellent alternative for supply chain management (Stein, Sloane, 2003). As a transport manager we have to proactively function along with carrier partners more willingly than merely assisting them when situation demands or at the time of renewal of contracts or to discuss new freight rates. We should provide special training and development programs for the employees who are directly related in the transportation process to improve their skills and abilities (Rushton, et al. 2014). This will not only bring effectiveness in the system but also will increase engagement among the participants. Conclusion: In the above study, we have discussed about the importance of transportation and logistics systems in the contemporary business organizations and how it has become an integral part of business operations. As a transport manager of Mc Donalds Inc., the above report was conducted with the aim to analyse the effectiveness the three crucial aspects of transportation management, namely, Incoterms Consideration Selections, Carrier Selection Criteria, and Carrier Relationship management. In the report we have discussed about how McDonalds has chosen to outsource its logistic systems to third part for reducing organizational cost on transportation systems and focus on the other organizational operations like customer satisfaction and hygiene in the restaurants. There are mainly two tires of suppliers in McDonalds, the first tier supplier is Key Distributions who receive direct food materials from second tier suppliers like Sun Valley, Ecsa and Moy Park and process them and distribute accordi ng to needs. We have also discussed about how McDonalds has bring effectiveness with its suppliers. But it lacks it control over transportation and logistics systems and solely dependent on Key Distributions. So, in conclusion I have discussed and suggested recommendations about how McDonalds can build-up a strong and long term relationship with its key carrier partners. Reference: Ballou, R. H. (2007).Business logistics/supply chain management: planning, organizing, and controlling the supply chain. Pearson Education India. Belenky, A. S. (2013).Operations research in transportation systems: ideas and schemes of optimization methods for strategic planning and operations management(Vol. 20). Springer Science Business Media. Bowersox, D. J., Closs, D. 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Our History and Timeline | McDonald's. Mcdonalds.com. Retrieved 3 November 2016, from https://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en-us/about-us/our-history.html Mun, J. (2002).Real options analysis: Tools and techniques for valuing strategic investments and decisions(Vol. 137). John Wiley Sons. Paul, A. (2011).Centrality in Strategic Transportation Network Design: An Application to Less-than-truckload Networks. Klner Wissenschaftsverlag. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2014).The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Schnsleben, P. (2016).Integral logistics management: Operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Stein, K. E., Sloane, R. K. (2003).Using customer needs to drive transportation decisions(Vol. 487). Transportation Research Board. Stock, J. R., Lambert, D. M. (2001).Strategic logistics management(Vol. 4). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Tambo, T. (2012). Strategic logistics service provider selection influenced by relationships, cost and market dynamics-a multi-factorial case study. InProceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Systems, Logistics and Supply Chain.